Green is ground, so it will not have power. Take a test light and go from the white or blue to the green and see if it lights up... if so you headlamp is bad. If not, since you know you have power at the white and blue wires, start tracing back the green and see where you are loosing ground.
Now, a loss of ground explains why it is not lighting up but not why it blew the fuse. even if the green wire is pinched/ chaffed/ cut and shorting to ground will not take out a fuse.
You need to check the white / blue wires or switch for a pinch / cut / chaff that allowed the short or high resistance that caused the amperage to go high enough to take out the fuse.
You really need a wiring diagram (Piutes post)
Here is a linky to one... too big to paste direct, it'd clog up your post.
http://www.oregonmotorcycleparts.com/files/CB750auto.jpg
81 Honda CB750C - Current Project
67 BSA Spitfire MkIII - Next Up (Full Resto)
81 Honda GL1100 - Bob / CafeĀ“
80 Suzuki GS750L - Bratstyle
72 Honda CB450K5 - Basket Case
73 Honda CB350F Cafe' (Gone but not forgotten)
Don't wait for opportunity to knock... kick the door down and drag the old harlot in!